DAWN
Daily Arts Web Nucleus
Discover the Arts! Each day a different image from the Literary, Performing, or Visual Arts representing a portion of Scripture plus an explanation with links and a discussion forum 2014 January 25
The Scapegoat (1854-1856)
William Holman Hunt (1827-1910)
Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Style
Lady Lever Art Gallery, Port Sunlight, Merseyside, England, United Kingdom
Image Source: Web Gallery of Art
Explanation: In Leviticus 16 the LORD establishes the Day of Atonement. A key feature of the day is the scapegoat, pictured above. The chapter opens with a reference to the sin of Nadab and Abihu when they offered strange fire before the LORD and were consumed by fire from the LORD. Therefore, the LORD told Moses to tell Aaron not to come at all times into the Holy Place within the veil (i.e., the Holy of Holies) where the ark was and where the LORD would appear in the cloud. When he came into the Holy of Holies he was to bring (for him and his household) a young bull (or ox) for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering. He was to be dressed in all of his High Priestly garments. And for the congregation he was to bring two male goats for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering (1-5). Aaron would then offer the bull and the ram for himself and his household. Next he would cast lots to choose between the two male goats -- one for sacrifice, and one to be allowed to escape (the scapegoat). He then set aside the one goat for sacrifice and presented the other before the LORD to be let loose (6-10). He began the offerings by sacrificing the bull of the sin offering for himself and his household. He then offered incense before the ark of the covenant within the veil, possibly leaving the censure to smoke and fill the Holy of Holies with incense while he went to fetch the blood; then he sprinkled the blood on the eastern side of the mercy seat and sprinkled it seven times in front of the mercy seat. No one was allowed in the Tabernacle while he was making these sacrifices (11-14). He then did the same with the goat of the sin offering for the people. He would then leave the Holy of Holies and go to the altar of incense and put the blood of the bull and of the goat on the horns of the altar; then he sprinkled the altar of incense with his finger seven times (15-19). He then would lay both of his hands on the head of the live goat and confess the sins of the people, placing the sins on the head of the scapegoat. Then he would send the goat away into the wilderness by the hand of a "fit" or "ready" man. The goat would bear the iniquities of the children of Israel into an uninhabited land (20-22). Afterward, Aaron would put off his garments, bathe, and dress again. He would then offer the burnt offering for himself and the burnt offering for the people. The one who took away the scapegoat would wash his clothes, bathe, and then come back into the camp. Then someone would carry the bull of the sin offering and the goat of the sin offering outside the camp and burn their flesh, their skins, and their dung. The one who burnt them would wash his clothes, bathe, and return to the camp (23-28). These regulations were to be performed perpetually on the tenth day of the seventh month, every year. For everyone, it was to be a time of afflicting (literally, 'abasing') their souls. Neither they nor the stranger among them was to do any work. It was to be a Sabbath of rest, a time of abasing their souls. The High Priests who came after Aaron were to do as Aaron had been instructed. The statute was perpetual and yearly. The prescribed procedures made an atonement for the holy of holies, the tabernacle, the altar of incense, the priests, and the people (29-34).
Leviticus 16
1 And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died;
2 And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the vail before the mercy seat, which is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat.
3 Thus shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering.
4 He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these are holy garments; therefore shall he wash his flesh in water, and so put them on.
5 And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering.
6 And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make an atonement for himself, and for his house.
7 And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
8 And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat.
9 And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD'S lot fell, and offer him for a sin offering.
10 But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him, and to let him go for a scapegoat into the wilderness.
11 And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make an atonement for himself, and for his house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin offering which is for himself:
12 And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the vail:
13 And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not:
14 And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy seat eastward; and before the mercy seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times.
15 Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the vail, and do with that blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat:
16 And he shall make an atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions in all their sins: and so shall he do for the tabernacle of the congregation, that remaineth among them in the midst of their uncleanness.
17 And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy place, until he come out, and have made an atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the congregation of Israel.
18 And he shall go out unto the altar that is before the LORD, and make an atonement for it; and shall take of the blood of the bullock, and of the blood of the goat, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about.
19 And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel.
20 And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy place, and the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar, he shall bring the live goat:
21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a fit man into the wilderness:
22 And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness.
23 And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy place, and shall leave them there:
24 And he shall wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people.
25 And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar.
26 And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the camp.
27 And the bullock for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy place, shall one carry forth without the camp; and they shall burn in the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung.
28 And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.
29 And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you:
30 For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD.
31 It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever.
32 And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes, even the holy garments:
33 And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.
34 And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year. And he did as the LORD commanded Moses.
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